Po sukarno biography summary

He was formally replaced as President in He died on 21 June, , under house arrest. Cite this item McGregor. He was helped by his photographic memory and precocious mind. To promote nationalistic pride amongst Indonesian people, Sukarno interpreted these ideas in his dress, in his urban planning for the capital eventually Jakarta , and in his socialist politics, though he did not extend his taste for modern art to pop music; he had Koes Plus imprisoned for their allegedly decadent lyrics despite his reputation for womanising.

For Sukarno, modernity was blind to race, neat and Western in style, and anti-imperialist. Sukarno was first exposed to nationalist ideas while living under Tjokroaminoto. Later, while a student in Bandung, he immersed himself in Western, communist, and Islamic political philosophy, eventually developing his own political ideology of Indonesian-style socialist self-sufficiency.

He begin styling his ideas as Marhaenism, named after Marhaen, an Indonesian peasant he met in southern Bandung area, who owned his little plot of land and worked on it himself, producing sufficient income to support his family. In university, Sukarno began organising study club for Indonesian students, the Algemeene Studieclub, in opposition to the established student clubs dominated by Dutch students.

The party advocated independence for Indonesia, and opposed imperialism and capitalism because it opined that both systems worsened the life of Indonesian people. The party also advocated secularism and unity amongst the many different ethnicities in the Dutch East Indies, to establish a united Indonesia. Coming soon after the disintegration of Sarekat Islam in early s and the crushing of Partai Komunis Indonesia after their failed rebellion of , PNI began to attract a large number of followers, particularly among the new university-educated youths eager for larger freedoms and opportunities denied to them in the racist and constrictive political system of Dutch colonialism.

Eventually, Sukarno and other key PNI leaders were arrested on 29 December by Dutch colonial authorities in a series of raids throughout Java. Sukarno himself was arrested while on a visit to Yogyakarta. On his trial at the Bandung Landraad courthouse from August to December , Sukarno made a series of long political speech attacking the injustices of colonialism and imperialism, titled Indonesia Menggoegat Indonesia Accuses.

On December , Sukarno was sentenced to four years in prison, which was served in Sukamiskin prison in Bandung. His impressive speech, however, received wide coverage by the press, and due to strong pressure from the liberal elements both in Netherlands and Dutch East Indies, Sukarno was released early on 31 December By this time, he had become a popular hero widely known throughout Indonesia.

However, during his imprisonment, PNI had been splintered by oppression of colonial authorities and internal dissension. After attempting to reconcile the two parties to establish one united nationalist front, Sukarno chose to become the head of Partindo on 28 July While being based in Bandung, Sukarno travelled extensively throughout Java to establish contacts with other nationalists.

His activities attracted further attention by the Dutch PID. For this writing, he was arrested by Dutch police while visiting fellow nationalist Mohammad Hoesni Thamrin in Jakarta on 1 August This time, to prevent providing Sukarno with platform to make political speeches, the hardline governor-general jonkheer Bonifacius Cornelis de Jonge utilised his emergency powers to send Sukarno to internal exile without trial.

In , Sukarno was shipped, along with his family including Inggit Garnasih , to the remote town of Ende, on the island of Flores. Due to an outbreak of malaria in Flores, the Dutch authorities decided to move Sukarno and his family to Bencoolen now Bengkulu on western coast of Sumatera, on February In Bengkulu, Sukarno became acquainted with Hassan Din, the local head of Muhammadiyah organisation, and he was allowed to teach Islamic religion at a local school owned by the Muhammadiyah.

One of his students was year old Fatmawati, daughter of Hassan Din. He became romantically involved with Fatmawati, which he justified by stating the inability of Inggit Garnasih to produce children during their almost year marriage. Sukarno was still in Bengkulu exile when the Japanese invaded the archipelago in They intended keeping him prisoner and shipping him to Australia, but abruptly abandoned him to save themselves upon the impending approach of Japanese forces on Padang.

The Japanese had their own files on Sukarno and the Japanese commander in Sumatera approached him with respect, wanting to use him to organise and pacify the Indonesians. There, he met the Japanese commander General Hitoshi Imamura, who asked Sukarno and other nationalists to galvanise support from Indonesian populace to aid Japanese war effort.

Sukarno was willing to support the Japanese, in exchange for a platform for himself to spread nationalist ideas to the mass population. They were forced to build railways, airfields, and other facilities for the Japanese within Indonesia and as far away as Burma. Additionally, the Japanese requestioned rice and other food produced by Indonesian peasants to supply their own troops, while forcing the peasantry to cultivate castor oil plants to be used as aviation fuel and lubricants.

To gain cooperation from Indonesian population and to prevent resistance to these draconian measures, the Japanese put Sukarno as head of Tiga-A mass organisation movement. The aim of these organisations were to galvanise popular support for recruitment of romusha forced labor, requisitioning of food products, and to promote pro-Japanese and anti-Western sentiments amongst Indonesians.

In later years, Sukarno was lastingly ashamed of his role with the romusha. Additionally, food requisitioning by the Japanese caused widespread famine in Java which killed more than one million people in In his view, these were necessary sacrifices to be made to allow for future independence of Indonesia. By mid these units numbered around two million, and were preparing to defeat any Allied forces sent to re-take Java.

She was provided with a house in Bandung and a pension for the rest of her life. In , he married Fatmawati. They lived in a house in Jl. Pegangsaan Timur No. This house would later be the venue of the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence in On 10 November Sukarno and Hatta was sent for seventeen-day tour of Japan, where they were decorated by the Emperor Hirohito and was wined and dined in the house of Prime Minister Hideki Tojo in Tokyo.

On 7 September , with the war going badly for the Japanese, Prime Minister Kuniaki Koiso promised independence for Indonesia, although no date was set. This announcement was seen, according to the U. The U. To provide a common and acceptable platform to unite the various squabbling factions in BPUPKI, Sukarno formulated his ideological thinking developed for the past twenty years into five principles.

Nationalism, whereby a united Indonesian state would stretch from Sabang to Merauke, encompassing all former Dutch East Indies Internationalism, meaning Indonesia is to appreciate human rights and contribute to world peace, and should not fall into chauvinistic fascism such as displayed by Nazis with their belief in the racial superiority of Aryans Democracy, which Sukarno believed has always been in the blood of Indonesians through the practice of consensus-seeking musyawarah untuk mufakat , an Indonesian-style democracy different from Western-style liberalism Social justice, a form of populist socialism in economics with Marxist-style opposition to free capitalism.

Social justice also intended to provide equal share of the economy to all Indonesians, as opposed to the complete economic domination by the Dutch and Chinese during the colonial period Belief in God, whereby all religions are treated equally and have religious freedom. Sukarno saw Indonesians as spiritual and religious people, but in essence tolerant towards differing religious beliefs.

This article is part of a series about. Domestic policy. Foreign policy. Indonesia Menggugat Tahun Vivere Pericoloso. Media and legacy. Name [ edit ]. Early life and family [ edit ]. Education [ edit ]. Architectural career [ edit ]. Early struggle [ edit ]. Involvement in the Indonesian National Party [ edit ]. Arrest, trial, and imprisonment [ edit ].

Arrest and trial [ edit ]. Imprisonment [ edit ]. Exile to Flores and Bengkulu [ edit ]. World War II and the Japanese occupation [ edit ]. Further information: Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies. Background and invasion [ edit ]. Cooperation with the Japanese [ edit ]. See also: Rise of Sukarno. Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence [ edit ].

Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence [ edit ]. Japanese surrender [ edit ]. Kidnapping incident [ edit ]. Main article: Rengasdengklok Incident. Indonesian National Revolution [ edit ]. Proclamation of Indonesian Independence [ edit ]. Main article: Proclamation of Indonesian Independence. Revolution and Bersiap [ edit ].

See also: Bersiap. Linggadjati Agreement and Operation Product [ edit ]. Main articles: Linggadjati Agreement and Operation Product. Linggadjati Agreement [ edit ]. Operation Product [ edit ]. Renville agreement and Madiun affair [ edit ]. Main articles: Renville Agreement and Madiun Affair. Operation Kraai and exile [ edit ]. See also: Operation Kraai.

Invasion and exile [ edit ]. Aftermath [ edit ]. President of the United States of Indonesia [ edit ]. Liberal Democracy period — [ edit ]. Instability and rebellions [ edit ]. Darul Islam rebels [ edit ]. Division in the military [ edit ]. Legislative elections [ edit ]. Military takeovers and martial law [ edit ]. Regional military takeovers [ edit ].

Declaration of martial law [ edit ]. Guided Democracy period — [ edit ]. Main article: Guided Democracy in Indonesia. Foreign policy [ edit ]. Bandung Conference [ edit ]. Cold War [ edit ]. Papua conflict [ edit ]. Konfrontasi [ edit ]. Main article: Konfrontasi. Conference of the New Emerging Forces [ edit ]. See also: Jakarta—Peking Axis. Domestic policy [ edit ].

President for life and personality cult [ edit ]. See also: Nasakom. Rise of the PKI [ edit ]. Main article: Indonesian mass killings of — Economic decline [ edit ]. Removal from power and death [ edit ]. Main article: Transition to the New Order. Main article: 30 September Movement. Kidnappings and murders [ edit ]. The end of the movement [ edit ].

Aftermath of the movement [ edit ]. Transition to the New Order [ edit ]. Cabinet reshuffle [ edit ]. Supersemar [ edit ]. Main article: Supersemar. House arrest and death [ edit ]. Political rehabilitation [ edit ]. Personal life [ edit ]. Marriages [ edit ]. Children [ edit ]. Honours [ edit ]. National honours [ edit ]. Foreign honours [ edit ].

In popular culture [ edit ]. Books [ edit ]. Songs [ edit ]. Movies [ edit ]. See also [ edit ]. Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sukarno category. Wikiquote has quotations related to Sukarno. Notes [ edit ]. However, he remained the nominal president. Later in the month, a new cabinet was announced. References [ edit ]. Sukarno: A Political Biography.

A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. London: MacMillan. ISBN Hendra ed. BertuahPos in Indonesian. Archived from the original on 12 August Retrieved 6 February Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Archived from the original on 23 April Retrieved 23 April The Washington Post. Washington, D. Archived from the original on 31 October Retrieved 5 November The Guardian.

Retrieved 17 October Princeton University Press. Blumenthal and Timothy L. McCormack eds. International Humanitarian Law. ISBN p. Journal of Third World Studies. ISSN JSTOR Sukarno: An Autobiography. The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. Zein Jakarta: Penerbit Bulan Bintang. Retrieved 23 October Sukarno, An Autobiography. Biografi Tokoh.

Archived from the original on 23 October Retrieved 20 October University Press of Kentucky. Retrieved 19 February Retrieved 7 June Indonesian Destinies. My Friend the Dictator. Palgrave Macmillan. Armonk, NY: M. Sharpe Incorporated. Country Studies, Indonesia. Library of Congress. The Politics of War. Retrieved 21 December Southeast Asia.

Documents of Political Development and Change. Ithaca and London. Archived from the original on 4 November Armonk, New York: M. The British Occupation of Indonesia — New York: Routledge.

Po sukarno biography summary

Retrieved 14 February New York: Palgrave Macmillan. New York: Times Books. Retrieved 28 November Political Censorship. Sukarno, tentara, PKI: segitiga kekuasaan sebelum prahara politik, — in Indonesian. Yayasan Obor Indonesia. Greenwood Publishing Group. Archived from the original on 19 July Retrieved 3 January Diplomatic History Archived from the original on 15 April Retrieved 18 May In , he was overthrown in a military coup and replaced by General Suharto, who ruled Indonesia for the next three decades.

He became increasingly authoritarian in his later years, relying on charisma, mass mobilization, and state power to maintain his rule. Critics saw this as evidence of his tendency towards megalomania and political repression. This approach was reflected in his efforts to establish a multi-party system and encourage the participation of civil society in decision-making.

Economic instability, political opposition, and regional separatism all contributed to his growing reliance on state power and suppression of dissent. Ultimately, his legacy remains a subject of debate, with some seeing him as a visionary leader who fought for Indonesian independence, while others criticize his later years as a period of political repression and economic stagnation.

He oversaw the creation of a new constitution, the establishment of a strong national army, and the integration of various ethnic and religious groups into a single nation-state. However, his ambitious economic policies led to hyperinflation and economic crisis, putting Indonesia on a path of stagnation and debt. His authoritarian style also led to growing opposition and criticism of his regime.

He implemented policies that aimed to increase access to education and healthcare for all Indonesians, particularly those in rural areas. This led to a significant increase in literacy rates and improved health outcomes for many Indonesians. Additionally, Sukarno played a key role in the Non-Aligned Movement, a group of countries that sought to remain neutral during the Cold War.

He was a vocal advocate for decolonization and worked to strengthen ties between developing countries. His efforts helped to establish Indonesia as a leader in the global South and a key player in international politics. During his presidency, Sukarno faced various domestic and international challenges. In addition to these challenges, Sukarno also faced economic difficulties during his presidency.

Sukarno played a leading role in the Non-Aligned Movement, promoting a more independent and assertive stance towards Western powers. In addition to his involvement in the Non-Aligned Movement and his confrontational stance towards Malaysia, Sukarno also sought to establish closer ties with other newly independent nations in Asia and Africa.

He believed in the importance of solidarity among developing countries and worked to promote cooperation and mutual support. His commitment to nationalism and social justice continues to inspire many Indonesians. Many Indonesian politicians and activists invoke his ideals of social justice, national unity, and anti-imperialism. Like Sukarno, these leaders were dedicated to achieving independence and national development.