Frases de nadezhda krupskaya biography

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Krupskaya, therefore, advocated creation of library "seminaries" where practicing librarians would instruct aspiring librarians in the skills of their profession, similar to those in the West. The pedagogical characteristics were however those of the Soviet revolutionary period. Librarians were trained to determine what materials were suitable to patrons and whether or not they had the ability to appreciate what the resource had to offer.

Krupskaya also desired that librarians possess greater verbal and writing skills so that they could more clearly explain why certain reading materials were better than others to their patrons. She believed that explaining resource choices to patrons was a courtesy and an opportunity for more education in socialist political values, not something that was required of the librarian.

They were to become facilitators of the revolution and, later, those who helped preserve the values of the resulting socialist state. Krupskaya was a committed Marxist for whom each element of public education was a step toward improving the life of her people, granting all individuals access to the tools of education and libraries, needed to forge a more fulfilling life.

The fulfillment was education and the tools were education and library systems. In December , just after Lenin had suffered a second stroke, Krupskaya had a violent quarrel with Stalin, who was demanding access to Lenin, when she argued that he was too ill. On 23 December, she wrote to Kamenev complaining that the "vile invectives and threats" that Stalin had directed at her were the worst abuse she had suffered from a fellow revolutionary in 30 years.

Factions that would later form throughout the s included the Trotsky -led Left Opposition , the Stalin-led "Centre", and the Bukharin -led Right Opposition. Krupskaya supported them against Trotsky, though in more conciliatory language than they used, declaring in that "I don't know whether Trotsky is guilty of all the deadly sins of which he is accused.

In it, she stated that "Marxist analysis was never Comrade Trotsky's strong point. In late , when the 'triumvirate' split into two factions, she openly supported Zinoviev and Kamenev against Stalin, and went into an alliance with Trotsky's Left Opposition in early , to form the United Opposition. In , Krupskaya opposed Stalin again. This time, she gave a speech to the Bauman district party, in Moscow, defending the leaders of the right wing opposition, Nikolai Bukharin and Alexei Rykov , after which, according to Nikita Khrushchev , who was a party official at the time, "without any publicity, the word went out to party circles to give her a working-over It was a bitter thing to watch her at these sessions when everyone started coming out against her.

I remember her as a broken old woman. In , she defended restrictions on abortion passed by the Soviet government in that year, arguing that they were part of a consistent policy pursued since to do away with the reasons to have an abortion. Krupskaya was present at the plenum of the Central Committee in February which decided the fate of Nikolai Bukharin and Alexei Rykov , and voted in favour of expelling both from the Communist Party.

At the Central Committee in June , she protested, in vain, against the arrest of Osip Piatnitsky. She successfully secured the release of an Old Bolshevik named I. Chugurin, though he was barred from rejoining the party, and worked as a roofer for the rest of his life. Krupskaya died to peritonitis in Moscow on 27 February , the day after her seventieth birthday, and her ashes were buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis.

Stalin's secretary Alexander Poskrebyshev later claimed that Stalin ordered Krupskaya's poisoning during her birthday celebration. He might have. Conversely, Luigi Zoja , a writer disputed these claims as he argued that Stalin had sent birthday cakes to Krupskaya on previous occasions and other guests who had eaten the cake were seemingly unaffected.

He also argued that her physical symptoms resembled those of Pavel Alliluyev , another purported victim of poisoning. The apparent lack of an official autopsy relegates this matter to speculation. Although Stalin clearly found Krupskaya's alignment with Trotsky and her critical comments irritating, arguably it would have been a risky move to have had her eliminated given how much Krupskaya was revered throughout the Soviet Union and abroad.

Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Russian revolutionary and Lenin's wife — In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs , the patronymic is Konstantinovna and the family name is Krupskaya. Vladimir Lenin. Early life [ edit ].

Married life [ edit ]. Political career [ edit ]. Russian Revolution [ edit ]. Soviet education and libraries [ edit ]. Further information: Education in the Soviet Union. Conflict with Trotsky and Stalin [ edit ]. She engaged in revolutionary activity with the workers in conversation and in classwork, and acquainted herself with their living and working conditions.

Ulyanov Lenin and thereafter for almost half a century dedicated all her energy and learning to the work of the party, the service of the people and the revolutionary transformation of society. She took part in the preparations and meetings of party congresses and conferences, and devoted a great deal of attention to the publication and distribution of party literature.

In spite of her innumerable commitments, the constant persecution, arrests and terms of exile, the level of education became an organic part of her revolutionary concerns. She made a thorough study of the work of such outstanding educationists of the past and of her own day as Y. Pestalozzi, K. Ushinskij, L. She took advantage of her enforced emigration to acquaint herself with schools, libraries, teachers and the vanguard of educational experience.

By the time of the October Revolution, Krupskaya had already produced more than forty publications. The greatest of them, Public Education and Democracy completed in and published in , made an important contribution to the development of Marxist educational science. Drawing on a wealth of documentation, she showed how the substance of the idea of labour education changed in various phases of history in accordance with the class and conditions that shaped it.

The triumph of the Socialist Revolution opened a wide range of educational activity to Krupskaya. In those years Krupskaya was chosen to be a delegate to all the party congresses; she was a member of its directing organs, a deputy of the higher organs of government and, from , a member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.

Krupskaya skillfully and effectively combined her work in government, party and education with her scientific and literary endeavours. In the course of her life she published upwards of 3, books, pamphlets, articles, reviews, etc. Much of her work has been translated into foreign languages and the languages of the peoples of the Soviet Union. She was awarded the order of the Red Banner of Labour and the Order of Lenin ; in she was made an honorary member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and in she was awarded a doctorate of pedagogical sciences.

Krupskaya died on 27 February The October Revolution brought opportunities for revolutionary reconstruction of education. Problems of great historical importance had to be solved, and the educational monopoly of the 2 propertied classes had to be broken; it was necessary to overcome the cultural backwardness of Russia and arrange for the greatest possible number of workers to be introduced to politics, learning and aesthetic values.

Her knowledge of educational science and her organizational skills put Krupskaya on a par with A. Lunacharsky and M. Pokrovsky as a founder of the radically new, socialist system of public education. For her, the role of the new kind of school was the formation of fully-developed people with an integral view of the world and a clear understanding of what was happening around them in nature and society; people prepared at the theoretical and practical levels for any physical or intellectual work, and able to build a rational, full, beautiful and joyful life in society Vol.

Such aims for education naturally called for the establishment of a single, all-embracing education system. Of course, it was not easy to build a consistently democratic system of public education on the ruins of the old system, and the process was impeded by destruction and famine, the civil war unleashed by counter-revolutionary forces, foreign intervention, and mass illiteracy.

The old textbooks were done away with, but new ones had not yet been written; the production of educational supplies and equipment had not been put in order; there were not enough school buildings and existing ones were not heated; a significant proportion of the teachers, of whom even earlier they had not been nearly sufficient, were moved by representatives of the old regime to sabotage the new system, and at first no new teachers were available to replace them.

The key to success was in total support for party and government policy from the mass of workers and peasants with their thirst for knowledge. A decisive role in the socialist reconstruction of education, however, was assigned to the teacher. The fact that not all of them were capable of understanding the essence of the revolutionary changes taking place in the country and the new tasks for schools was not so much their fault as their loss.

Krupskaya observes Vol. The new conditions are abolishing this divide, and forms of collaboration between teacher and population must be established that put an end to the unnatural division […] this rapprochement will ensure that schools flourish, and that through hard work together the cultural level of the country will rise, and that we will have a better future; it promises a renaissance of the teaching profession, whose role can now become honoured and respected.

Much was done in the Soviet Union to encourage teachers to take on the new tasks, to stimulate them with a fresh formulation of pedagogical problems, to improve their material situation and enhance their social status. Courses, seminars, teaching methods groups and other associations were formed throughout the country for the retraining of older teachers; a vast network of training institutes for teachers in secondary and higher education.

The illiteracy of a considerable part of the adult population, a legacy of the old regime, constituted another, no less difficult, obstacle to the establishment of education for all. Krupskaya 3. In the government issued a decree on the eradication of illiteracy in the 8 to 50 age group; saw the creation of the all-Russian Extraordinary Commission for the Eradication of Literacy, whose role was to concert the efforts of all organizations concerned with literacy education; in a voluntary organization called Down With Illiteracy!

The result was that between and some 60 million adults were taught to read and write. In the Soviet government began to establish general, free, compulsory primary education, which led to a sharp reduction in mass illiteracy.